Posted on May 29, 2025 / June 6, 2025 
Documented Censorship
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Ancient Greek Mathematicians
(building toward its implications for censorship)
| 1. Euclid | Often referred to as Euclid of Alexandria and celebrated as the “Father of Geometry,” Euclid’s work forms the basis of what we now call Euclidean geometry. His name, meaning “renowned” or “glorious” in Greek, is synonymous with the logical structure of geometric proofs that continue to be taught today. |
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| 2. Pythagoras | Famous for the Pythagorean Theorem—a fundamental principle taught in every basic geometry class—Pythagoras was born on the island of Samos and later traveled to Egypt and possibly India. His teachings and discoveries greatly influenced mathematics, music theory, and philosophy. |
| 3. Archimedes | A towering figure in ancient science, Archimedes made major contributions to geometry, calculus, and fluid mechanics. He is known for inventing compound pulleys and the Archimedean screw pump, and for his profound understanding of levers and buoyancy. |
| 4. Thales of Miletus | Regarded as the first known mathematician, Thales used geometry to calculate the heights of pyramids and the distance of ships from shore. His work marks the beginning of Greek mathematical thought. |
| 5. Aristotle | While best known for his contributions to philosophy, Aristotle also delved into mathematics, biology, physics, and metaphysics. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, Aristotle established a library and wrote extensively, influencing both science and philosophy. |
| 6. Diophantus | Known as the “Father of Algebra,” Diophantus was a Hellenistic Greek mathematician who authored Arithmetica, a series of books that explored algebraic equations. His work laid the groundwork for modern algebra. |
| 7. Eratosthenes | Eratosthenes was the first to calculate the Earth’s circumference and the tilt of its axis with remarkable accuracy. He also developed the sieve of Eratosthenes, an algorithm to identify prime numbers. |
| 8. Hipparchus | Often called the founder of trigonometry, Hipparchus developed the first known trigonometric table and devised a method to predict solar eclipses. His mathematical insights were pivotal in the field of astronomy. |
| 9. Hero of Alexandria | Hero is credited with Hero’s formula for calculating the area of a triangle. He also devised a method for approximating square roots and invented early steam-powered devices, showcasing a fusion of engineering and mathematics. |
| 10. Ptolemy | Claudius Ptolemy was a polymath—mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and poet. His most famous work, the Almagest, combined mathematics with astronomy and became a cornerstone for medieval science. |
| 11. Xenocrates | A philosopher and mathematician, Xenocrates led the Platonic Academy and wrote about number theory and geometry. He even attempted to calculate the number of possible syllables in the Greek language, blending linguistic curiosity with mathematical precision. |
| 12. Anaxagoras | Anaxagoras provided scientific explanations for natural phenomena. He correctly described eclipses and asserted that the Sun was a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. His insights in astronomy were grounded in mathematical reasoning. |
| 13. Hypatia | Hypatia of Alexandria was the first known female mathematician. A philosopher and educator, she led the Neoplatonist school in Alexandria and taught mathematics and philosophy. |
| 14. Antiphon | Antiphon attempted to square the circle by inscribing and circumscribing polygons within a circle to estimate π (pi). His method of bounding values represented an early form of mathematical approximation. |
| 15. Diocles | Known for the Cissoid of Diocles, a geometric curve used in solving the problem of doubling the cube, Diocles made significant contributions to geometric theory. His work blended philosophical inquiry with rigorous mathematics. |
Antikythera Mechanism
Depicted below are the recovered original version and a newer version
The Antikythera mechanism is the earliest known example of an analog computer. Discovered in 1901 among the remains of a shipwreck near the Greek island of Antikythera, this ancient artifact is a hand-powered device designed by the Ancient Greeks to model the solar system.
The instrument is thought to have been designed and built by Hellenistic scientists, with estimates of its creation ranging from around 205 BC to between 150 and 100 BC, and some suggesting as late as 87 BC. It must have been made before the shipwreck in which it was found, which has been dated through various methods to approximately 70–60 BC. In 2022, researchers proposed that its initial calibration—rather than its construction—may have occurred on 23 December 178 BC, while others suggest 204 BC as a more probable calibration date. Devices of comparable complexity did not reappear in western Europe until the 14th century.
Library of Alexandria
According to the Greek physician and writer Galen, under a decree issued by Ptolemy II, any texts found on ships arriving at port were confiscated and brought to the library. There, official scribes would make copies of the texts. The originals were kept in the library’s collection, while the copies were returned to the owners.
The Library, or at least a portion of its collection, is believed to have been accidentally damaged by fire during Julius Caesar’s civil war in 48 BC. However, the extent of the destruction remains uncertain, and evidence suggests that the library either survived the incident or was restored soon afterward.
The dates of existence of the library range from 3rdcentury BC to about 275 AD. The official history of the library is unclear, but the library is believed to have dwindled during the Roman period.
Roman Numerals
Understanding the numerical values of Roman numerals is fairly straightforward—they function much like a tally system.
I is 1, II is 2, and III is 3.
Four is slightly different: instead of writing IIII, it is written as IV, meaning “one less than five.” V represents 5.
Roman numerals never use more than three of the same symbol in a row.
The next numbers are VI, VII, and VIII, representing 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
X is 10, so IX (one before ten) equals 9. XXX is 30, and XL (ten before fifty) is 40.
L represents 50. C is 100, so CX is 110. D is 500, and M is 1,000.
Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci
Arabic numerals were likely reintroduced to Europe by Leonardo of Pisa—commonly known as Fibonacci—through his 1202 work Liber Abaci. Although these numerals originated in the Middle East and were originally written in a different style, their introduction to medieval Europe led to changes in their appearance. Despite these modifications, the core system—a base-10 numeral system—remained intact. The digits we use today on computers, calculators, and in everyday life are derived from this Arabic numeral system.
Arabic Numerals
If you look at the numbers shown in the diagram, each one displays a number of interior angles that corresponds to the value it represents. The number seven, without its underline, is more commonly used in Hispanic countries today. In the United States, we tend to write it in a simpler form, omitting the horizontal stroke. The number eight can also be represented as two triangles stacked and facing each other, creating the same effect of having eight interior angles. The number nine may be written with a bottom tail that spirals inward to form nine angles.
History
| 49 AD | Expulsion of Jews from Rome under emperor Claudius. |
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| 66 AD | The First Jewish-Roman War AD 66-73 at Jerusalem right after the great revolt of the Jews against the Romans in AD 66. Taxation was a factor causing the revolt. |
| 70 AD | Destruction of Jewish temple in Jerusalem. |
| 72 AD | Construction of Colosseum began under Emperor Vespasian. |
| 312 AD | Constantine converts to Christianity. |
| 325 AD | The First Council of Nicaea is formed, setting the first Christian doctrine, the Nicene Creed establishing canon law. |
| 400 AD | Theodosius I ordered the destruction of pagan monuments around the year of 400 AD. |
| 1054 AD | East-West Schism where we have the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church we have today. |
| 1119 AD | In AD 1119, the Knights Templar is formed. |
| 1218 AD | A papal bull in 1218 prohibited the clergy from practicing in the secular courts (where the English common law system operated, as opposed to the Roman civil law favored by the church). |
| 1307 AD | On Friday the Thirteenth, October 13, 1307, King Philip IV of France had many of the order of the Knights Templar in France arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and burned at the stake. Some of who were able to escape fled to Scotland. |
| 1312 AD | Pope Clement V disbanded the order of Knights Templar in 1312 under pressure from King Philip of France. |
| 1378 AD | Western Schism of 1378-1417 where three clergymen claimed the title of pope. |
| 1440 AD | The Gutenberg printing press, invented between 1440 and 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg, led to the Gutenberg Bible being published. This opened the floodgates of literacy. The Catholic Church quickly realized the potential of the printing press as a challenge to its influence on people. |
| 1449 AD | Johannes Trithemius (1462-1516) wrote Steganographia around 1499. |
| 1534 AD | England’s King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy, which declared him the supreme head of the Church of England, and began on November 3, 1534. |
| 1539 AD | The first printing press in the Americas is built and located in Mexico City. |
| 1559 AD | Pope Paul IV required that the church authorities approve all books before publication with the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. |
| 1609 AD | Johannes Trithemius’s Steganographia was published in 1609. |
| 1543 AD | Nicolaus Copernicus’s book titled On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres was declared heretical by the Catholic Church at the time of it’s writing between 1510 and 1514 and was not published till 1543. |
| 1582 AD | Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582 which is a revision of the Julian calendar and the Calendar we use today. |
| 1585 AD | Pope Sixtus V erected four obelisks after the adaptation of the Gregorian calendar from 1585 to 1590. |
| 1611 AD | The King James Bible was released. |
| 1610 AD | Galileo presents his research Sidereus Nuncius in 1610, of tide movement in 1616, and of comets in 1619. After his publication of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in 1632, he was put on trial in 1633, found “vehemently suspect of heresy,” and put under house arrest until his death in 1642. |
| 1682 AD | On October 30, 1682, Pope Innocent XI issued an edict ordering the closing of all Jewish-owned banks in Rome. |
| 1776 AD | July 4, 1776, the United States of America declared independence from England. This was approaching on about 250 years after King Henry declared England is independent from the Catholic Church. |
Throughout history, records reveal instances of conquest and censorship carried out by both the Romans and the Roman Catholic Church. These practices can be traced as far back as the era of Ancient Greek mathematicians. The Romans introduced the use of Roman numerals, a system that was upheld (allegedly through the provided documentation) by the Catholic Church until approximately 1200 AD. In more recent times, a writing consisting part of the Ancient Block-Hebrew Ten Commandments—discovered at a Hopewell Indian burial site in Ohio—has been reportedly withheld from public awareness.
Did the Romans confiscate information from the Library of Alexandria and bring it to Rome? Would the alleged information that was confiscated be in the Vatican Library today?
England succeeded from the governance of the Roman Catholic Church and the colonists in America declared Independence from England.
